[1]See James M. Landis, The Administrative Process, Yale University Press, 1938,pp. 23-24, pp. 154-55;Kenneth Culp Da-vis, Discretionary Justice: A Preliminary Inquiry, Louisiana State University Press, 1969, pp. 52-161.
[2]参见陈慈阳:《行政裁量及不确定法律概念—以两者概念内容之差异与区分必要性问题为研究对象》,台湾行政法学会编:《行政法争议问题研究》(上),台北五南图书出版有限公司2001年版,第462-464页。
[3]Lisa Schultz Bressman, Beyond Accountability: Arbitrariness and Legitimacy in the Administrative State, 78 N. Y. U. L. Rev.461,533 (2003).
[4]最为经典的作品,中文文献可参见[美]肯尼斯·卡尔普·戴维斯:《裁量正义》,毕洪海译,商务印书馆2009年版。
[5]Self-regulation直译为“自我规制”,但为了与一般意义上的“自我规制”相区别,本文将其译为“自我拘束”。有关自我规制,可以参见陈军:《行政法视野下的自我规制》,《云南行政学院学报》2009年第2期;杨志强、何立胜:《自我规制理论研究评介》,《外国经济与管理》第29卷第8期(2007年8月)。
[6]See Elizabeth Magill, Agency Self-Regulation, 77 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 859,861(2008-2009).
[7]关于明确原则,可参见高秦伟:《美国禁止授权原则的发展及其启示》,《环球法律评论》2010年第5期。
[8]See, e. g.,Federal Trade Commission Act, 15 U. S. C.§45 (2006).
[9]See Stephen M. Johnson, Good Guidance, Good Grief!,72 Mo. L. Rev. 695,696 (2007);Nina A. Mendelson, Regulatory Beneficiaries and Informal Agency Policymaking, 92 Cornell L. Rev. 397,398 (2007).
[10]See Hillary Greene, Guideline Institutionalization: The Role of Merger Guidelines in Antitrust Discourse, 48 Wm.&Mary L.Rev. 771,778 (2006).
[11]See Lars Noah, The FDA's New Policy on Guidelines: Having Your Cake and Eating It Too, 47 Cath. U. L. Rev. 113,137-38(1997).
[12]See Elizabeth Magill, Agency Self-Regulation, 77 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 859,863-64 (2008-2009).
[13]See Jonathan Masur, Judicial Deference and the Credibility of Agency Commitments, 60 Vand. L. Rev. 1021,1037-60(2007).
[14]See Thomas W. Merrill, The Accardi Principle, 74 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 569, 569 (2005-2006);Harold J. Krent, Revie-wing Agency Action for Inconsistency with Prior Rules and Regulations, 72 Chi. -Kent L. Rev. 1187(1997).
[15]See Thomas 0. McGarity, Some Thoughts on “Deossifying” the Rulemaking Process, 41 Duke L. J. 1385(1992),
[16]See Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass'n v. State Farm Mut. Ins. Co.,463 U. S. 29,42(1983);Paralyzed Veterans of Am. v. D. C. A-rena L. P.,117 F. 3d 579,586-87(D. C. Cir. 1997).
[17]347 U. S. 260(1954).
[18]284 U. S. 370(1932).
[19]See Thomas W. Merrill, The Accardi Principle, 74 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 569,571 (2005-2006).
[20]Arizona Grocery, 284 U. S. at 386.
[21]See Thomas W. Merrill, Rethinking Article I, Section 1:From Nondelegation to Exclusive Delegation, 104 Colum. L. Rev.2097,2099 (2004).
[22]See Thomas W.Merrill,The Accardi Principle, 74 Geo.Wash. L. Rev.569, 573-74(2005-2006).
[23]326 U. S. 135(1945).
[24]United States ex rel. Accardi v. Shaughnessy, 347 U. S. 260, 262(1954).
[25]354 U. S. 363(1957).
[26]359 U. S. 535(1959).
[27]See Jerry L. Mashaw, Greed, Chao, and Governance: Using Public Choice to Improve Public Law, Yale University Press, 1997,pp. 6-25;Thomas W. Merrill, Capture Theory and the Courts: 1967-1983,72 Chi. -Kent L. Rev. 1039(1997);Keith Werhan, The Neoclassical Revival in Administrative Law, 44 Admin. L. Rev. 567,568,583-90(1992).
[28]418 U. S. 683(1974)
[29]Id. at 696.
[30]See Thomas W. Merrill, The Accardi Principle, 74 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 569,579 (2005-2006)
[31]440 U. S. 741(1979)
[32]486 U. S. 837(1984)
[33]参见高秦伟:《政策形成与司法审查—美国谢弗林案之启示》,《浙江学刊》2006年第6期。
[34]See Peter Raven-Hansen, Regulatory Estoppel: When Agencies Break Their Own “Laws”,64 Tex. L. Rev. 1,2-3(1985
[35]332 U. S. 380(1947).
[36]Id. at 385.
[37]450 U. S. 785(1981).
[38]Morton v. Ruiz, 415 U. S. 199,235(1974).
[39]See Peter L. Strauss, Publication Rules in the Rulemaking Spectrum: Assuring Proper Respect for an Essential Element, 53 Ad-min. L. Rev. 803,804 (2001);M. Elizabeth Magill, Agency Choice of Policymaking Form, 71 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1383,1383-1403(2004).
[40]美国有关立法性规则与非立法性规则的论文较多,可参见Thomas J. Fraser, Interpretive Rules: Can the Amount of Defer-ence Accorded them Offer Insight into the Procedural Inquiry?,90 B. U. L. Rev. 1303 (2010).
[41]Elizabeth Magill, Agency Self-Regulation, 77 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 859, 879 (2008-2009).
[42]United States v. Caceres, 440 U. S. 741,753-54(1979)(paraphrasing 5 U. S. C. § 706(A) and quoting § 706(D)).
[43]See Ronald M. Levin, Mead and the Prospective Exercise of Discretion, 54 Admin. L. Rev. 771,797 (2002);John F. Man-ping, Nonlegislative Rules, 72 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 893,931 (2004).
[44]See Thomas W. Merrill, The Accardi Principle, 74 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 569,612 (2005-2006).
[45]See Thomas W. Merrill, The Accardi Principle, 74 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 569,613 (2005-2006).
[46]See Elizabeth Magill, Agency Self-Regulation, 77 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 859 (2008-2009).
[47]See Richard J. Pierce, Rulemaking and the Administrative Procedure Act, 32 Tulsa L. J. 185(1996);Robert A. Anthony, A Taxonomy of Agency Rules, 52 Admin. L. Rev. 1045 (2000).
[48]995 F. 2d 1106, 1112(D. C. Cir. 1993).
[49]See, e. g.,Erringer v. Thompson, 371 F. 3d 625,630 (9th Cir. 2004);Air Transp. Ass' n of Am. v. FAA, 291 F. 3d 49,56(D. C. Cir. 2002);Warder v. Shalala, 149 F. 3d 73,80(1st Cir. 1998);Mission Group Kansas, Inc. v. Riley, 146 F. 3d 775,784(loth Cir. 1998);Appalachian States Low-Level Radioactive Waste Comm' n v. 0' Leary, 93 F. 3d 103,113 (3d Cir. 1996).
[50]American Mining Congress, 995 F. 2d at 1112.
[51]参见高秦伟:《美国行政法上的非立法性规则及其启示》,《法商研究》2010年第2期。
[52]See William Funk, A Primer on Nonlegislative Rules, 54 Admin. L. Rev. 1327 (2001).
[53]参见《国务院关于加强法治政府建设的意见》规定:“建立行政裁量权基准制度,科学合理细化、量化行政裁量权,完善适用规则,严格规范裁量权行使,避免执法的随意性。”
[54]参见秦平:《执法手册—让依法行政更有操作性》,《法制日报》2010年9月24日。
[55]参见陈娟:《云南省公安厅红头文件引发争议—自由裁量应以何为标准?》,《中国安全生产报》2008年4月8日。
[56]高春燕:《行政许可裁量基准研究》,朱新力主编:《法治社会与行政裁量的基本准则研究》,法律出版社2007年版,第200页。
[57]有关“行政自制”理论,可参见崔卓兰、于立深:《行政自制与中国行政法治发展》,《法学研究》2010年第1期;于立深:《现代行政法的行政自制理论—以内部行政法为视角》,《当代法学》2009年第6期。
[58]参见李立:《行政裁量权将统一规则,适用规则省部级定》,《法制日报》2009年10月19日。
[59]此问题可以借鉴日本的作法,参见王天华:《裁量标准基本理论问题刍议》,《浙江学刊》2006年第6期。
[60]最高人民法院《关于印发〈审理行政案件适用法律规范问题的座谈会纪要〉的通知》,法[2004]96号。
[61]最高人民法院《关于裁判文书引用法律、法规等规范性法律文件的规定》,法释[2009]14号。
[62]See Jack M. Beermann, Presidential Power in Transitions, 83 B. U. L. Rev. 947,953-98 (2003);Jason M. Loring & Liam R. Roth, After Midnight: The Durability of the “Midnight” Regulations Passed by the Two Previous Outgoing Administrations, 40 Wake Forest. L. Rev. 1441,1442-1450 (2005);Anne Joseph OConnell, Political Cycles of Rulemaking: An Empirical Portrait of the Modern Administrative State, 94 Va. L. Rev. 889, 891-92 (2008).
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